Integrating Traditional Medicine with Western Medicine

Name: Anthony OLUSOLA Course Title:Medical Anthropology Topic:Traditional and Bio-Medical Practice: Integrating customary and current frameworks in the Nigerian medicinal services conveyance. Examination Question: To what degree, assuming any, has conventional medication in contrast with Bio-Medical practice, been fused to the social insurance conveyance frameworks in Nigeria and what amount of advancement is given to the essentialness and viability of the act of customary medication in relieving same sickness? Abstract:The practice of customary medication among the individuals of Nigeria in the Western locale of Africa rises above the approach of Bio-Medicine and involves a noticeable situation in the conveyance of social insurance. Lion's share of the rustic inhabitants just as considerable extent of the urban tenants depend on customary medication for answers for ailment and mending. Countless Nigerians living abroad depend firmly on the viability of conventional herbs for clinica l treatment, paying little heed to their degree of training and cost of shipping such home grown medication to their nation of residence.However, a few progressive governments in Nigeria have kept on dismissing the indigenous human services techniques in their wellbeing strategy. This paper inspects the pertinence of conventional medication and its commitments to human services conveyance frameworks in Nigeria, and the rate at which individuals decide on elective clinical intercessions as achieved by the unavailability of present day medication just as the budgetary ramifications. Against these backgrounds, this paper proposes significant acknowledgment for conventional clinical practice and its conceivable reconciliation into the nation’s human services conveyance framework. Clinical framework in Nigeria: An examinationWhereas wellbeing is the most valuable of all things and it is the establishment of all satisfaction, customary medication, in light of the wellbeing needs of the individuals, created as a vital piece of the different networks in Nigeria and its training goes back in time, some time before the approach of present day innovation and developments. It truth be told, assumes a gigantic job in giving a feeling of personality and otherworldliness to the individuals of Nigeria. Truly, conventional medication mirrors the social-strict structures of the indigenous social orders from which it rises, alongside the qualities, convictions, practices and practices created over the years.The organization of customary medication is directed by a conventional healer or senior, regularly viewed as local specialists, who dealt with their patients utilizing concentrates of plants, creatures and mineral substances just as different techniques dependent on the social, social and strict convictions of the network. Such individual is likewise viewed as all around grounded in the overall information, perspectives, and convictions in the network about physical, m ental and social prosperity and the reason for infections and incapacities (WHO, 1976).The clinical administrations gave by this individual is generally worthy among the individuals both in the provincial and the urban regions. As indicated by World Health Organization, customary medication is the totality of information and practices, regardless of whether reasonable or not, utilized in diagnosing, forestalling or wiping out a physical, mental or social dis-harmony and which depend only on past encounters and perceptions passed on from age to age, whether verbally or recorded as a hard copy (WHO,1976).With this definition, it tends to be contended that the act of conventional information is established in the top to bottom intelligence and adaptability of the head on the causality of sicknesses, yet additionally the requirement for a solid network without essentially depleting the individuals of their funds consequently making human services available and moderate. Be that as it ma y, regardless of the significance of conventional medication, it has unbelievably endured disregard and non-acknowledgment by the nation’s wellbeing creating and arranging agencies.More consideration is constantly attracted to the cutting edge clinical framework with practically zero worry for the availability of this framework too and its moderateness. The supportability of a normal family in Nigeria is esteemed at under 5 dollars per day. Despite the government’s relational word on the foundation of a human services framework that is promotive, defensive, preventive, therapeutic and rehabilitative to each resident of the nation inside the accessible assets with the goal that people and networks are guaranteed of efficiency, social prosperity nd pleasure in living (F. M. H. 1988), the framework, as is as of now rehearsed is extremely insufficient in contrast with the Nigerian developing populace and moderate paced monetary turn of events. As per the wellbeing labor me asurements, the proportion of the enrolled clinical specialists as against the population’s need is put at 1:1,100 with present day clinical offices being managed in uber urban areas and little or none made accessible at the rustic areas.As an aftereffect of absence of oversight or sufficient arrangement for the basic needs of clinical experts, specialists in many cases are confronted with the honest choice to drive to the provincial zones to control Medicare on cash based costs, which sooner or later gets difficult to continue. Therefore the individuals in the country region are left under the watchful eye of the customary healer, who in the end fix their infections with less charges than the bio-clinical practice accordingly sparing the patients some money.The updates on the adequacy of the conventional clinical organization before long spreads to the urban communities and an inflow of voyagers is experienced for meeting and clinical consideration. In certain clinical cases , present day clinical specialists would allude a specific patient with ailment considered hopeless utilizing current prescriptions to customary healers hence further reaffirming the degree to which conventional medication comprise significant wellspring of clinical consideration for some individuals paying little heed to their riches or level of education.Unfortunately, the impact of globalization and entrepreneur hypothesis has eaten profound into the Nigerian government to such an extent that the individual gains or benefits of the approach creators and that of those at the hall of influence is evaluated high and considered generally significant than the wellbeing and recuperating of the residents. Much ado is made on the requirement for the country to find current world in science and innovation yet the nation’s economy, as it is by and by, can't promptly meet the significant expense of present day human services and the trend setting innovation.

Advantages of Brands

A solid brand offers numerous points of interest for advertisers including: Brands give various tangible improvements to upgrade client acknowledgment. For instance, a brand can be outwardly unmistakable from its bundling, logo, shape, and so on. It can likewise be unmistakable by means of sound, for example, hearing the name on a radio ad or chatting with somebody who makes reference to the item. Clients who are visit and eager buyers of a specific brand are probably going to become Brand Loyal. Developing brand steadfastness among clients is a definitive compensation for effective advertisers since these clients are far less inclined to be tempted to change to different brands contrasted with non-faithful clients. All around created and advanced brands put forth item situating attempts progressively successful. The outcome is that upon introduction to a brand (e. g. , hearing it, seeing it) clients invoke mental pictures or sentiments of the advantages they get from utilizing that brand. The converse is surprisingly better. At the point when clients partner benefits with a specific brand, the brand may have accomplished a huge upper hand. In these circumstances the client who remembers he needs an answer for an issue (e. g. , requirements to dye garments) may consequently consider one brand that offers the answer for the issue (e. g. , Clorox). This â€Å"benefit = brand† affiliation gives a critical bit of leeway to the brand that the client partners with the advantage looked for. Firms that set up a fruitful brand can expand the brand by including new items under the equivalent â€Å"family† brand. Such marking may permit organizations to present new items all the more effectively since the brand is now perceived inside the market. Solid brands can prompt money related favorable circumstances through the idea of Brand Equity in which the brand itself gets important. Such gains can be acknowledged through the out-right offer of a brand or through permitting game plans. For instance, Company A may have an all around perceived (Brand X) inside a market yet for reasons unknown they are hoping to amass their endeavors in different markets. Organization B is hoping to enter a similar market as Brand X. On the off chance that conditions are correct Company A could offer to Company B the rights to utilize the Brand X name without selling some other piece of the organization. That is, Company A just offers the lawful rights to the Brand X name yet holds every single other piece of Brand X, for example, the creation offices and workers. In instances of all around created brands such an exchange may convey a huge sticker price. Hence, through solid marking endeavors Company An accomplishes an enormous monetary benefit by basically giving up the rights to the name. Be that as it may, for what reason would Company B look to buy a brand for such a significant expense tag? Since by purchasing the brand Company B has just accomplished a significant promoting objective †building mindfulness inside the objective market. The reality the market is now be acquainted with the brand permits the Company B to focus on other showcasing choices. We give more detail on marking in the Managing Products instructional exercise with an extraordinary accentuation on the techniques advertisers follow so as to fabricate a solid brand.

The Souls of Black Folk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Souls of Black Folk - Research Paper Example The book starts with a presentation, which is incredibly delightful and appealing, â€Å"Herein lie covered numerous things which whenever read with tolerance may show the weird significance of being dark here at the unfolding of the Twentieth Century. This importance isn't without enthusiasm to you, Gentle Reader; for the issue of the Twentieth Century is the issue of shading line. I implore you at that point, get my book in all foundation, considering my words with me, excusing slip-up and weakness for the confidence and enthusiasm that is in me, and looking for the trace of legitimacy covered up there†(p.1). The first and second part of the book reveals insight into the historical backdrop of the Black people. Besides, it likewise features the imperfections of the legislature that brought about the type of confusion to a great extent in the south. The way that Dubios receives to clarify how the past pioneers didn't oversee things appropriately is fantastic. For instance, the third area of the book examines Booker T. Washington, a dark head who is seriously denounced for not giving quality training to the Blacks. Dubios for the most part underscores on the requirement for instruction, the fourth and the fifth bits of the book manage enlightenment as it were. As he would like to think, He differs to the idea of dark individuals not securing college instruction. I discovered this line rousing when he says, â€Å"Progress in human issues is more regularly a draw than a push†¦..thus it was no mishap that bring forth colleges hundreds of years before the normal schools, that made reasonable Harvard the principal blossom of our wilderness†(p. 53). These words to be sure have weight since college capability is normally viewed as significant for just the privileged. In any case, this comment by Du Bios could likewise be reprimanded by numerous individuals, on the grounds that du Bois was the main dark individual who procured a degree from Harvard. Henceforth, some hypothetical issues like these that could be raised by individuals like researchers or specialists. Also, race is another

Assessing Globalization In Saudi Arabia

Evaluating Globalization In Saudi Arabia Globalization is characterized as a procedure where individuals organizations and legislatures of various nations communicate and incorporate among one another. This procedure has been seen as driven by worldwide exchange and is likewise essentially helped by data innovation. Since we are increasingly keen on its impact on the financial state of Saudi Arabia, thus the term that is of more noteworthy significance for us is the term monetary globalization that alludes to the combination of national economies to frame a worldwide economy. When discussing monetary globalization we are increasingly keen on knowing the remote direct ventures, movement, capital streams and the spread of innovation for a nation. The procedure of globalization influences nature, culture financial turns of events, flourishing and the physical prosperity of people. As individuals going to better places and performing business at better places affect the individuals of that spot and along these lines we can say that globalization has brought about extending of social limits the world over. In spite of the fact that globalization is thought of as a generally new procedure however on the off chance that we go inside and out history we find that globalization has been influencing the individuals around the globe for a considerable length of time. In the event that we go into the history we discover indications of globalization since China and Europe were associated with one another through the popular Silk Road in the Middle Ages. In the event that we the highlights of contrast current influx of globalization and the time not long before the First World War in 1914 we find that there are numerous similitudes In spite of the fact that there have been cases of globalization since antiquated occasions however the speed at which the world globalized was never equivalent to it is in the present time. The fundamental purpose behind this have been innovative headways and the approaches actualized by the nations in the previous hardly any decades. Delving into the subtleties of figures we find that the volume of world exchange has become multiple times of its volume in the year 1950. The pace of globalization can likewise be seen by watching the remote speculations occurring the world over. Watching this factor our announcement gets much more help as streams of outside ventures were seen to be multiplied in a range of only two years in the period from 1997 to 1999 when they expanded from $468 billion to $827 billion. In this way watching these figures we can say that the globalization today is occurring at an a lot quicker rate than it has ever been before. Watching the expansion in the pace of globalization it is critical to watch the components behind this fast increment in the pace of globalization around the globe. The approaches received by the legislatures of different nations around the globe have filled in as a quickening agent for globalization. The arrangements of governments around the globe since the subsequent world have prompted opening up of economies around the globe. The nations have received free market monetary frameworks around the globe. These means have prompted various open doors for global exchange and ventures. It has additionally been seen that different limitations on remote exchanges and speculations have been loose in the course of recent years particularly the most recent two decades. In this way these strategies have helped in the accomplishing the point of worldwide, modern and money related business structure. Since the Second World War the lawmakers have been wanting to separate outskirts that hampered exchanges the procedure they have discovered a few worldwide foundations planned to see that this procedure could be handily encouraged. Organizations like World Bank and International Monetary reserve (IMF) were arrangement all the while. There were numerous concessions to opening up of exchanges after the Second World War which prompted the development of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). From that point forward World Trade Organization (WTO), which was found as aftereffect of understandings marked under GATT has been working with a point of advancing Global exchanges openly. As referenced above innovation has filled in as one of the key drivers for globalization. Data Technology specifically has assumed an emotional job in changing monetary life around the globe and has assumed a key job in advancing globalization it has brought customers, financial specialists, business together by methods for web and web based business. It has brought all the data from around the globe accessible to every individual who wishes to gain admittance to the data. It has brought about quicker and progressively point by point investigation of financial patterns, has made the exchange of benefits simpler and has likewise made correspondence between far off individuals a lot simpler. History of Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia, the country of Arabs is likewise viewed as the spot of start of the second biggest religion-Islam. The sacred urban areas of Mecca and Medina are arranged in Saudi Arabia which pulls in an enormous number of explorers every year to the nation. Ibn Saud who administered from 1882-1953 is viewed as the fundamental maker of the realm of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud was a relative of Wahhabi pioneers and rose out as a pioneer of the Arab patriot development. The revelation of oil in 1936 filled in as an achievement for Saudi Arabia as Saudi Arabia is a significant maker of oil and has tremendous stores of oil since antiquated occasions. With the start of business creation of oil during the World War II enormous incomes began streaming into the nation consequently prompting a lot of riches for the nation. Thus free medicinal services and instruction were given to the inhabitants of Saudi Arabia with no assortment of duties. Saudi Arabia was allowed to become to be the sanction individual from United Nations despite the fact that it was impartial during the World War II. The nation turned into an individual from the Arab association in 1945 and assumed a significant job in the 1948-49 war against Israel and still doesn't perceive Israel as a nation. The year 1953 denoted the demise of the lord that is considered as the maker of the realm of Saudi Arabia. With the passing of Ibn Saud multi year long rule of his child Saud started. Sauds rul e was set apart by expanding antagonistic vibe of Egypts Gamal Abdel Nasser towards radical Arabism. In 1964 Saud was ousted and supplanted by the Prime Minister. Crown Prince Faisal was designated as the PM of Saudi Arabia. Faisal didn't give any military help to Egypt during the 1967 Arab Israel war however gave just vocal help. Faisal was killed in 1975 by a corrupted brother. This death shook the Middle East however Faisals realm stayed unperturbed and he was prevailing by his sibling Prince Khalid. Sovereign Khalids bolster Egypt during arrangements on withdrawal of Israel from Sinai desert was very persuasive. Lord Khalid passed on because of a respiratory failure in 1982. Lord Khalids stepbrother, Prince Fahd Bin Abdulaziz turned into the replacement of Prince Khalid yet he picked his relative Abdullah as the crown sovereign. With the dread of turning out to be Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeinis next objective if Iraq was vanquished by Iran Saudi Arabia alongside littler oil rich conditions of the Arab on the Persian Gulf made gigantic money related commitments during the 1980s towards Iraqi war exertion. Because of rationed endeavors of oil expending countries and Saudi Arabia being cheated by different individuals from Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) prompted a decrease in oil costs. The incomes originating from oil into Saudi Arabia decreased from $120 billion to $25 billion inside a range of 5 years from 1980 to 1985. Subsequent to enduring a weakening stroke, King Fahd passed his specialists to Crown Prince Abdullah. In 1998 Saudi Arabia entered its first downturn in quite a while when its oil salary fell by 40% because of an overall abatement in oil costs. A review of Saudi Arabias economy and the condition of their monetary advancement: During the most recent fifty years the economy of Saudi Arabia has created at a quick pace as the Saudi state has been set up and extended. The nation is monetarily exceptionally assorted however the pay originating from oil incomes has assumed a noteworthy job in the improvement of the state by the assistance of current organizations of administration. It would have been very hard to think about a different condition of before the revelation of oil. Before 1930s the district which later went under the territory of Saudi was formed od a few locales with various areas relying upon various items for their pay. The Hijaz which was a western territory, for instance was reliant primarily on means farming, significant distance exchanges and explorers staying with the sacred spots of Mecca and Medina as a wellspring of income for the state. Since there numerous deserts in Saudi Arabia and the everyday environments were very threatening because of its unforgiving atmosphere and absence of water there was an immense topographical partition between individuals of the nation as the majority of the populace accumulated at places where water was accessible. The impact from the outside world was very immaterial an as it was hard to go inside the nation as well as the nation needed characteristic assets that could pull in individuals from outside. There three headliners that have prompted the present structure of the Saudi Arabian economy. These occasions were the revelation of oil only six years after the foundation of Saudi Arabia, the revamping of Europe after the World War II which was extraordinarily founded on industrialization and the expanding request of oil. Every one of these occasions filled in as an impetus in expanding the development pace of Saudi Arabia and prompted upgrade in its position. With the disclosure of oil there was a tremendous increment in incomes streaming into Saudi Arabia and the nation saw a colossal increment in the treasury during the standard of Abd Al Aziz Al in Abd otherwise called Rahman Saud from 1932 to 1953. This inflow of assets helped him to apply more prominent financial and political authority over the regions under his influence. This control pushed him to im

Christian Faith In A Postmodern Context Theology Religion Essay

Christian Faith In A Postmodern Context Theology Religion Essay The book composed by Lieven Boeve, Interrupting Tradition: An Essay on Christian Faith in a Postmodern Context bargains about his argumentations on the new setting that provokes Christian custom to recontextualise itself. The way that the Catholic Church and the Catholic confidence offers importance to life and presence confronting the new reality as of late wherein the transmission of the Christian convention is a battle in an enormous piece of Western Europe especially in Flanders. Boeve partitioned the book into three sections contain three to four parts each. The initial segment manages explaining the circumstance where the Christian custom gets itself. Section two shows an extreme showdown between the Christian confidence and innovation, and section three gives an authentic line of thought to the current day and offer an investigation of the issue of basic life alternatives (postmodern setting). In the initial three sections, Boeve disk convention and its improvement from present day and postmodern setting. Convention, which characterizes as conviction, went down in a general public that can by and by be experienced. In Christian convention, it is obvious that these convictions show a significant job in the very establishments of Christianity. The insignificant actuality that fact has history driven the scholars on the possibility of the improvement of custom. Hence, it is for sure fundamental by the progression of time that each move in setting involves a test to the Christian convention to reformulate itself in exchange in present setting. This is done through a procedure of recontextualisation where it shows a reality that convention is experiencing a procedure of improvement. In accordance with this piece of the book shows custom saw in the advanced setting that has something to do with social modernisation process where secularization to which strict convention lost its essential job as hotspot for human qualities, and the speculation of qualities presents that regard in worth and truth was just practical just in private field. On the others hand, these development prompts another point of view which is the modernitys ace accounts where human want of progress in his own specific manner. In the postmodern setting, it sees custom with an authoritative end. This happened due to the essential issues confronting it individualisation and pluralisation. Boeve in this piece of the book shows not so much the finish of the custom yet rather it shows a more extensive viewpoint, that an individual ought to have an individual reflexive choice that must be knowledgeable about confidence yet it lies consistently the truth of picking since this stay an alternative. To some extent two, confidence in the postmodern setting prompts an examination between an open and shut story, which shows a more clear view, all the more significantly with the significance of the open account which provides a satisfactory open door for a recontextualisation of the Christian account in our postmodern setting. From these, Boeve shows way that leads shut account towards an open story and experience the cutting edge understanding of amazing quality. Boeve, at long last handles in the last piece of the book about the establishment of an open Christian story. This arrangements with the recontextualisation of Christian story in the genuine setting. It appears here in offering reason to a Christian story. This reason appeared by the creator is finished by God who certainly uncovered Godself in a particular human individual which is Jesus. It likewise expressed in this part about the negative religious philosophy. It is the creators goal that through this negative religious philosophy, may see the interference of Christian stories by God that the God who is unlimited, covered up missing despite everything can be uncovered. Moreover, Christianity Interrupted by the world religions, Boeve pictures various stories as a method of clarifying Christianity hindered by the world religions. In the current day circumstance, we may incorporate ourselves having various accounts in light of the fact that considering scanning for truth, we are connecting on a similar truth of being visually impaired or having alternate point of view majority. It can likewise resemble the anecdote of the ring, which demonstrates and attempts to uncover who is the best among religions and who had a definitive hold to reality, yet in accordance with the understanding, nobody can guarantee as the best holder of reality. Last judgment is conceded until God comes. At the last piece of the book, which is the epilog, Boeve close with a reflection on the situation of the Christian in the contemporary world. It is plainly expressed here that confidence is not, at this point a socio-basic choice however it is a veritable confidence choice as an unequivocal decision for the Christian account to fabricate human system for a specific story. Confidence as a confidence alternative infers a strictly spurred basic awareness. Ultimately, the substance of the confidence at long last under the weights of innovation, one may pick up only uselessness. In any case, Boeve shows still a positive result behind this circumstance that one may deceived yet soon he will locate the correct bearing. Intruding on Tradition viably shows the circumstance of Christian confidence in the postmodern setting by giving a point of view about the present circumstance of the convention. This is the truth in that moves custom to be recontextualised itself. The writer accomplished his objective by giving this book a title that is significant and truly interferes with convention. In like manner, it additionally intrudes on the peruser by indicating contentions and realities of the truth looking by custom. This book presents another comprehension in the piece of the peruser that in the end influences his own point of view and to know about the Christian convention confronting a situation. It likewise gives material that can lead an individual to reconsider what he accepts. All things considered, despite the fact that this is the truth, each peruser of this book must increase enough mental fortitude to participate in an exchange and go to praxis. In addition, in the wake of perusing this book we end loaded with trust with solidarity to confront the new tomorrow and expressing gratitude toward God for giving us our own convention as a wellspring of establishment of our Christianity. We are in the murkiness yet before long locate the light. As what is expressed in the last piece of the epilog (p. 183), Perhaps such an open idea might be contrasted and a compass that, any place one might be on the planet, consistently focuses north and subsequently causes one finding the correct heading to follow.

Upcoming scholarships and deadlines COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Upcoming scholarships and deadlines COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The SIPA Financial Aid Office maintains a database of external funding opportunities, and we wanted to alert students to some upcoming application deadlines. For more external scholarship awards, visit our External Fellowships and Funding Sources  page. American Water Works Association Scholarships Requirements: Scholarships for students pursuing careers related to water supply and related fields Deadline: December 2, 2019 Margaret McNamara Education Grants Requirements: Applicants must be at least 25 years old at the time of the application deadline, a national of a country listed on the MMEG Country Eligibility list, enrolled for a full academic term after award and not related to a World Bank Group, IMF or Inter-American Development Bank. Deadline: January 15, 2020 Boren Graduate Fellowships Requirements: Applicants must be US citizens planning an overseas program that meets home institution standards in a country outside of Western Europe, Canada, Australia or New Zealand. Deadline: January 29, 2020 Lint Center for National Security Scholarships Requirements: Scholarships provided to Counterintelligence and National Security Workers, their children and scholars, and to advance the study of National Security, cross-cultural studies, and global understanding. Deadline: January 31, 2020 Straus Historical Society Scholarship Requirements: Applicants must be US citizens preparing for a career in public service. Deadline: January 31, 2020

Controversies in organ donation - Free Essay Example

Organ donation is a topic that can cause quite the controversy. To some being an organ donor is one of the most generous things you could ever do. But to others, well they just dont fully understand the importance of donating your organs and why its important. By donating organs you are literally saving thousands of lives. Why would you want to see an innocent person die? Are you that heartless or have you not fully grasped to the importance of this. Here in the United States, there is a major shortage of organs. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing, there is an overwhelming number of people who are in need of a life-saving transplant. 117,000 people to be exact. In a chart constructed by the United Network for Organ, it states that 95% of adult Americans support organ donation in theory, but only 54% have actually signed up to be donors. which is absolutely absurd. Journalist Paul Hsieh says that doctors and organ donor advocates are frustrated by the lack of peoples will to donate. Which is immensely understandable. There are many organs you can donate. For example, the heart, kidney, and lung can all be donated. In an article titled Should The Government Require Your Consent To Be An Organ Donor. it basically states that organ donor advocates have proposed to change the United States state law. What they are proposing is for hospitals to switch from an opt-in system to an opt-out system. Which is one of the best ideas for them to propose. unless your religion is against it then that law wouldnt be a problem to uphold. You still people who will try to argue that they have the right to their own body. Which is true but think about all the people you could save. Instead of being ignorant of the fact that people will have your organs, you should really think about the lives that you could save. Other things people may say is that dont want to be an organ donor is because of their religion. Unless you are a Jehovahs Witness or Shinto you should still be considered for for the opt-in law. On the website https://www.donorrecovery.org it states that Jehovahs witnesses do not believe that when one donates their organs they must make sure all of the blood must be removed first. they follow this because of their strict rule on blood transfusions. This website also states that Shintos believe that messing with dead bodys are a sin and is a very serious crime. To them the body should stay pure and never be disturbed. Some may argue that they cant live/ function without their organs. Witch is totally not true. The myths that people come up with is just a bunch of nonsense. One of the myths is that Im too old. The truth is that you are never to old to be an organ donor, what matters is your health and the condition of your organs are in when you die. Another one is that If im in a coma they could take my organs.. The majority of deceased organ donors have to be declared brain dead. Being brain dead is not the same thing as being in a coma ! People anc recover from a coma but being brain dead is final. And lastly is My family will have to pay for the donation. There is no cost whatsoever for you to give your organs. In conclusion, being an organ donor is the human thing to do. You are practically saving thousands of lives. The recipient may be you or even your family members. You should always consider being an organ donor , because you never know whos in need of one. So its very important to have that thought in mind the next time you are asked. Being an organ donor is not a right its the human thing to do.

The Struggle For Human Rights - 1447 Words

A great speech has the power to define the times, to inspire, and to motivate. Certain speeches from great people have made huge impacts, but â€Å"The Struggle for Human Rights† from Eleanor Roosevelt persuades the entire globe on humans’ rights, freedom, respect and peace. I read her text and saw a video on YouTube giving her speech even though it was long it gathered a lot my attention. It took me time to understand her speech after reading it three times. It’s good that someone like Eleanor Roosevelt existed and wanted to provide some peace to the world. I’m glad she touched many hearts in that time. War may still exist and can be caused but we should all take a glance to this speech and acknowledge what Eleanor was trying to do. She fought for social and civil rights, helped found the United Nations, and effectively ran the United Stated when her husband was ill. As shown above, all those awful situations led Eleanor Roosevelt to do such a speech as à ¢â‚¬Å"The Struggle for Human Rights†. In this world there have been many speakers that had made changes with their words. Eleanor Roosevelt was a great speaker. Was the first lady of the United States, and ultimately she expanded the role of women in society. She was a role that satisfied her own need to be independent and active in public and political life. With World War II , Eleanor expanded her sphere of influence, doing what she could helping the European refugees, including Jews trying to escape from Nazi occupied Europe andShow MoreRelatedZimbabwes Struggle For Human Rights Abuses1420 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment that handles unofficial â€Å"conflict diamonds† – diamonds used to finance rebellious wars. (Nicholas, 2012, p.650) Although technically â€Å"conflict free† under the Kimberly Process, Zimbabwe over the past 15 years has continued to commit human rights abuses. 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Meaning: Human Rights is not a human ideal formula of himself, but rather an understanding of what God requires of man - what man is, what is the meaningRead MoreAs Living Beings, We Tend To Wonder About The Answer To1390 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions that appear in our thoughts are probably due to encounters with experiences of struggle. In every human being that has ever lived, struggle is part of life. It is an obstacle that is faced every day. There are some who struggle more than others. It is a hardship they endure and try to breakaway to be free from it. In many cases, struggling varies from one another. Such as, the struggle to be free and the struggle to live. In United States of America, the nation is known by many, and perhaps worldwideRead MoreEssay on The Battling Psyche1676 Words   |  7 Pages The Battling Psyche The human psyche is a mysterious and unknown force that human beings have attempted to understand for centuries. 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Exploring Ancient Mysteries Essay - 687 Words

* Students, please view the Submit a Clickable Rubric Assignment in the Student Center. Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center. Assignment 1: Essay – Exploring Ancient Mysteries Due Week 4 and worth 100 points Choose one (1) of the topics below and develop a three to four (3-4) paragraph essay (of at least 250-500 words) which adequately address the topic you have chosen. Topic Choices * There have been many theories regarding how the pyramids at Giza were constructed. Most experts agree that they were constructed as burial monuments for pharaohs, but â€Å"how† these ancient people constructed monuments of such great size without modern machinery is a mystery which is still being debated.†¦show more content†¦Write a three to four (3-4) paragraph paper in which you: * Clearly state the â€Å"mystery† and provide a brief summary of at least two (2) reasonable and scholarly theories which could explain the mystery. Because some theories may sound far-fetched, include the source or promoter of each theory – such as a scientist, a historian, a theologian, etc. * After summarizing at least two (2) scholarly theories, identify one (1) of the theories as the most plausible and provide at least two (2) convincing reasons why the theory you have chosen is the best one to explain the mystery. This will involve some critical reason ing skills on your part. * Use at least two (2) sources plus the class textbook. (Three [3] sources total as the minimum) Note: Wikipedia and other similar Websites do not qualify as academic resources. You are highly encouraged to use the Resource Center tab at the top of your Blackboard page. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: * Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA style format. Both in-text citations and a References list are required. Citations and references must follow APA style format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. (Note: Students can find APA style materials located in the course shell forShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Ancient Egypt : Egyptology And The Concept Of Culture Appropriation934 Words   |  4 PagesPerry’s music video, Ancient Egypt is seen as an exotic place in contemporary tourism of Egypt. Many people go to Ancient Egypt because they know that there are geographical differences, mummies, pyramids, tombs and artifacts that seem foreign to many people living in the 21st century. In popular culture, Ancient Egypt seems like a lavish civilization in the middle of the desert. In many ways, the A ncient Egyptian culture draws in tourism for those who are curious about the Ancient Egyptian cultureRead MoreShould Space Exploration Be Continued?840 Words   |  4 Pagescontinue exploring the space, and others think that we should stop exploring the space. These people have their own reasons for it or against it. Either way, space exploration has both its advantages and disadvantages. In my personal opinion, I think that we should continue exploring the space because exploring space gives people many benefits. Exploring the space will solve humans’ oversized population and scarce resources problems, and also will improve our technology. If mankind stops exploring theRead MoreThe Massive Mystery Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesFor centuries people have given a diverse collection of theories as to how the ancient pyramids were constructed. The Great Pyramid of Giza is truly an incredible architectural accomplishment. This pyramid in particular is commonly referred to as th e oldest of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. Some believe that the Egyptians had developed technology that has simply been lost in time. Others think they had help from extraterrestrial beings. The reality of the construction relied on human laborRead MoreA Basic Overview of Paganism Essay examples1716 Words   |  7 Pagesmight see hundreds of faces from different races, gender, and pop cultures. But behind each face is a brain, with spirit and personal beliefs, like religion. When many Americans believe that everyone is Christian or Catholic, some people practice an ancient religion. This religion, commonly known as the umbrella-term â€Å"Paganism† is back on the move with a contemporary feel. Paganism is an earth-based religion, focusing around the elements and nature. Throughout this paper Paganism will be explained,Read MoreA Mystery Of Heroism By Stephen Crane And Edwin Arlington Robinson1168 Words   |  5 PagesAuthor Joyce Meyer once said, â€Å"If you do n’t learn to control your thoughts, you will never learn how to control your behavior.† Lack of control over one’s thought can lead to ruinous behavior. People have been exploring the human behavior for the past centuries due to the major effects behavior and life events have on an individual. In the 1800s, naturalism, a literary movement, explored â€Å"human instincts and behavior† (433) and â€Å"examined the society that conditioned people to turn out as they did†Read MoreThe Denver Museum Of Nature And Science Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pageshuge building, preserved many Colorado finds and finds from other places, added on numerous exhibitions, but most importantly it has â€Å"housed compelling programs and experiences for millions of guests and schoolchildren that inspire a passion for exploring and understanding our natural and cultural world† (Museum History, 1). I chose to focus on a specific artifact in the â€Å"Egyptian Mummies† exhibition of the Museum of Nature and Science. The overall theme of this exhibition was of course, EgyptianRead MoreThe Mysterious Great Sphinx of Giza Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagessurrounding the monument are unsubstantial and the mysteries remain unanswered. The Sphinx is a 240 feet long and 70 feet tall monument carved out of different layers of limestone in the Giza Plateau. The Sphinx has a human head and the body of a lion. Egyptian Sphinxes are not to be confused with Grecian Sphinxes, which have the head of a woman on a winged lion, sent down to Thebes, Greece to devour those who could not solve her riddles. Ancient playwright Sophocles displayed a Grecian Sphinx inRead MoreThe Hanging Gardens Of Babylon1510 Words   |  7 PagesA Mysterious Ancient Marvel Introduction The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders, and also the only one with unknown location and there is no physical evidence that it ever existed. It is said that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon was ordered to be constructed by the ruling Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II. The gardens were built for the homesick queen Amyitis. The gardens were said to be on the top of a building of four floors of platforms and the building itself was made of bricksRead MoreSatan s Spirits Of Lust777 Words   |  4 Pagesmentioned in the Bible; specifically, their practices often included distorted sexual acts, human sacrifices, cannibalism, and the eating of blood that were distinctively traits of ‘devil’ worship. Baal worship became abundant throughout much of the ancient Middle East; concurrently, in early societies Baal has a long history of perverted sex that is akin to Pan Worship within his cult rituals. Mount Hermon turned out to be one of the major centers of Baal/P an worship that involved the brutality ofRead MoreThe Murder Of Tutankhamun s Tomb993 Words   |  4 PagesAye may have not agreed with the decisions Tutankhamun was making (as they concerned journeys and horses) and maybe feared they would lead Egypt into crisis. â€Å"Tutankhamun’s reforms would have an immense impact on the people of Egypt† (tutankhamun – Ancient History Encyclopaedia). So the only way Aye could recover his decision-making was if he could get rid of the Boy King, suggesting once again that he murdered him. Power is something everybody wants, and Aye was not the exception. Ever since Akhenaton

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Political Theory Property - 1369 Words

Introduction One of the most confounding concepts in the discipline of political theory is the issue of property. Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle dedicate a large part of their works to speculations about the state of nature and property ownership. However, a comprehensive theoretical exploration of the concept of private property ownership is credited to relatively modern philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. The writings of Locke and Rousseau on property ownership are quite fascinating to compare. Both philosophers portray the early stages of man in what they refer to as the State of Nature. This paper takes a critical look at Rousseau’s conceptualization of private property and the state†¦show more content†¦He is deeply opposed to Locke’s idea of man as a sociable being. In his state of nature, man lacks the ability to identify even their own offspring. In the state of nature, Locke and Rousseau seem to agree on several issues especially in the theoretical nature of their conceptualization. Rousseau concurs that State of Nature is a largely nonviolent period. However, his revelation of the state of nature is much more appealing. While Locke appears to insinuate that man has progressed out of this State of nature, Rousseau praises it as a period of harmony and virtue. In addition, Rousseau does not simply take the contemporary man and place him in the State of Nature. Instead, he makes a convincing argument of a relatively different and primitive man who slowly evolves into the modern version. Locke’s version does not explain the evolution of man up untill the state of nature. Rousseau’s argument seems more convincing since facts that corroborate the evolution theory have been unearthed. Therefore, Rousseau’s theory appears entirely reasonable in allocating diverse attributes to ancient man and contemporary man. However, some of the attributes Rousseau’s gives to ancient man and his life in the state of nature are questionable. One these attributes is that man’s basic desires were mostly satisfied. Rousseaus idea of man relaxing while eatingShow MoreRelatedComparison between Two Political Thinkers and and their Understanding of Private Property1464 Words   |  6 Pages Political theories have been collected throughout history, and often shine light and cause debate surrounding the positions of common socio-political themes and topics. When studying political theory, it is important to recognize the philosopher behind the written work, and comprehend why they reflect the political beliefs that they do. This paper will compare and contrast two of the most noted and influential political thinkers and their understanding of private property. The first theory is foundRead MoreLocke And Rousseau s Theory Of A Social Contract1206 Words   |  5 Pagesthey ultimately have a differen t political philosophy. Locke and Rousseau have clearly distinct social contract theories, interpretations of man and the state of nature. In his work, Discourse on Inequality, establishes the idea of a fraudulent social contract. Rousseau further develops his political theory and discusses contemporary themes like the state of nature in, The Social Contract. There is a clear distinction between Rousseau’s theory and Locke’s theory as laid out in the, Second TreatiseRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Outline POLS 14033 – Political Ideas and Ideologies The Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Question: Firstly, in this essay, we will describe and analyze the various concepts of the evolution and emergence of the modern social contract theory thru the analysis of several of its key political thinkers. We will provide a detailed review of the concepts that have developed and that were crucial for theRead MoreA Comparative Analysis Of On Property Owning Democracy 1404 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam R. Lund History of Political Philosophy II May 12, 2015 Final Essay Essay Question # 6 Property Owning Democracy: A Comparative Analysis to Marxian Communism John Rawls is an American political philosopher, born and raised in Baltimore, Maryland. His work contributed towards a better understanding of justice as fairness and author of the book that bears the same title. In his manuscript, Justice as Fairness, Rawls introduces a new political philosophy known as property owning democracy. WhenRead MoreAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 Pagesintellectual thinkers, such as John Locke, which helped shape and influence modern government and politics. John Locke is recognized as the father of classical liberalism, introducing the Two Treatises of Government, Social Contract, and private property, which formed the basis for the constitutions in westernized democratic powers such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The Two Treatises of Government became the most influential pieces of work that John Locke had created duringRead MoreNasty, Brutish, And Short By Thomas Hobbes Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagesdescription of pre-political life that is invariably repeated in just about every political science program throughout the Western world. It is a phrase that motivates a strikingly persuasive argument for the solution of government. For Hobbes, this is the State of Nature, and thus the precursory basis for human politics. However, his pessimistic view of the State of Nature has been refuted by other men of great intellectual influence. Another giant in the world of political theory, John Locke, hasRead MorePolitical Theory of John Locke Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke: Account of Political Society What would the American government be like today if it was not for the mind and political theory of John Locke? Some historians and philosophers believe that without John Locke our government would only be a shadow of what it is today. Arguably, one of his most important political and philosophical works was his Two Treatises of Government. There he argues that the function of the state is to protect the natural rights of its citizens, primarily toRead MoreThe Relationship Between Justice and the Good1551 Words   |  7 Pagesmoral distribution of possessions. From just after the First World War to present day, liberal perspectives emerged and flourished across a variety of ideological theories and continue to influence political thinking in regards to rights, equality and freedom. With this emergence came two very influential theorists in libertarian political philosophy, Robert Nozick and John Rawls, who take very different approaches to how justice relates to the good. Both N ozick and Rawls argue for liberty above equalityRead MoreThe Writings Of John Locke And Jean Jacques Rousseau1596 Words   |  7 Pageslegitimate political power. They both believe in man’s natural mortality, and they also state that creating a social contract and legitimate government is necessary to avoid conflict. Both philosophers hold different perspectives and opinions, however they are both concerned with the same question: What renders exercises of a political power legitimate? Rousseau and Locke have several similarities within their theories, but there are also a number of substantial differences. Rousseau’s theory can beRead MoreCurrent Policies And Politics : What Should Be An Individual s Connection With Society?887 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen the focus of great philosophers throughout the centuries. From Socrates to Khaldun to Marx, great political philosophers have examined the function of ethical theory in the social realm and its impact upon the relati onships between members of society (Moseley, n.d.). Regardless of whether they are in the camp of liberalism like John Locke or the socialist camp of Karl Marx, great political philosophers have areas of a agreement as well as areas of discord. Areas of Agreement and Disagreement

The decision in Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd Free Essays

string(230) " in the contract without resort to any implied terms: â€Å"This makes it unnecessary in my judgement for DTVAL to rely upon an implied term that BMIB would operate the aircraft in a way that was reasonable in all the circumstances\." â€Å"The case of Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 illustrates how the court must tread a very fine line, when determining whether or not an agreement has sufficiently certain terms to be enforceable. With reference to key cases and academic commentary, critically discuss this statement.† Introduction Contract law abhors uncertainty and it is a well-accepted rule of commercial law that for an agreement to be enforceable its terms must be sufficiently certain and complete for the courts to elicit the meaning of an agreement[1] . We will write a custom essay sample on The decision in Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both vagueness[2] and incompleteness[3] disable an agreement from being binding and will often, unless the court makes use of remedial measures to, inter alia, imply reasonable meaning into the contract or clarify the meaning of a word, be fatal to the contract as a whole[4]. The classic case which is usually cited to demonstrate this principle is G Scammell Nephew Ltd v Ouston[5] where an agreement which provided for the acquisition of goods â€Å"on hire-purchase† was so vague as to prompt Viscount Maugham to observe that: â€Å"it is impossible to conclude that a binding agreement has been established†[6]. The tension between finding a contract to be uncertain and attempting to satisfy the settled will of parties to an agreement and encourage commerce without undue restriction has led Professor Macneil to warn that the quest to identify settled principles in this area of contract law is but a â€Å"fool’s errand†[7]. Cases in this area, as Ewen McKend rick rightfully observes, are dependent on their facts and the courts are chiefly concerned with whether there is a sufficiency of evidence to justify a conclusion that a settled and binding agreement has indeed been concluded[8]. Unsurprisingly perhaps English courts have been criticised as being unduly restrictive which makes the judgement in Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd[9] a notable and welcome decision as it goes against the grain of the perception of English contract law by overturning on appeal a decision of Davis J in the Chancery court which held that a contract which imposed an obligation on BMI Baby to base and fly aircraft from an airport but which was unclear about the objective criteria relating to the performance of that obligation regarding passenger numbers was incapable of having a term implied and therefore was struck down[10]. The Court of Appeal allowed the appeal and unanimously found in favour of allowing the contract to stand: the judge at first instance had erred in construing the contract as being void for uncertainty[11]. This essay will critically discuss the above statement by examining the case itself in detail in part 1 before embarking upon a discussion of the ba lancing act involved in resolving uncertainty in contractual terms in part 2. The statement is justified in asserting that such cases as the instant one require a delicate balancing act and this observation is validated by the case law[12]. Part 1: The decision in Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd 1.1 Facts of the case and terms of the contract The brief facts are that an agreement was concluded between Durham Tees Valley Airport (hereafter DTVA) and British Midland Regional Limited (hereafter BMRL) in April 2003 which provided for BMRL to provide two B737 aircraft to operate exclusively from DTVA for a period of ten years[13]. This agreement was subsequently transferred to BMI Baby by virtue of a Novation and Variation Agreement (NVA) executed on 23 December 2005. As Lord Justice Patten, who delivered the leading judgement, observes â€Å"both sides accept that the Base agreement created a binding contract but they differ on how it should be construed†[14]. The defendants contended that the agreement granted them a right without an obligation while the airport argued that the agreement constituted a continuing obligation. The decision at first instance, delivered by Davis J, proceeded, without any notable discussion, on the assumption that the contract was unenforceable due to uncertainty[15]. The bulk of the first instance judgement was concerned with the attempt to imply a term into the NVA agreement to hold the contract to be enforceable and thus hold BMI Baby to the obligation[16]. As Treitel observes the court has a discretion as to whether or not a term can be implied into a contract using the standard of reasonableness[17]. Judge Davis pointed out that the NVA lacked any specification as to the number of flights required and as Lord Justice Patten points out, â€Å"it is this which is said to be fatal to its enforceability†[18]. A leading case in the area of implied terms under the standard of reasonableness is Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos where the timber sold was said, ambiguously, to be of â€Å"fair specification†. This is a typical example of terms which come to the very heart of a contract[19] being expressed in vague or uncertain ways and requiring the construction of the court to crystallise an obligation. Lord Justice Patten fundamentally disagreed with the first instance judge at this stage, arguing that it â€Å"was wrong to regard the addition of a term as to the minimum number of flights as being necessary for the enforceability of the NVA†[20]. The judge had thus proceeded on an assumption of uncertainty and then attempted to imply a term into the NVA agreement which, mistakenly, he thought had a material bearing on the enforceability of the contract[21]. The key elements of the contract were obviously in place and both parties considered that a binding contract was in place despite their differing interpretations. The real question, as Lord Justice Patten correctly identifies, is whether or not the airline was in fact flying its aircraft not the number of flights[22]. Upon this analysis BMI Baby had fulfilled the obligation and thus they could be held accountable: â€Å"BMIB is not required to do the impossible† as Lord Patten concluded[23]. His lordship found suf ficient evidence that certainty existed in the contract without resort to any implied terms: â€Å"This makes it unnecessary in my judgement for DTVAL to rely upon an implied term that BMIB would operate the aircraft in a way that was reasonable in all the circumstances. The NVA includes sufficient terms to enable the court to determine whether BMIB’s obligations have been broken.†[24] Part 2: Discussion of the case 2.1 A balancing act The decision in Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd[25] is a good illustration of the fine balancing act which must be undertaken in cases which attempt to resolve the uncertainty of contractual terms in terms of sufficiency. At the most general level there is a clear tension between the certainty rule and the reluctance of courts to strike down legally enforceable agreements. Striking a balance between these two opposites is difficult and has obvious implications not only for individual agreements but indeed the sanctity of contract in society. Lord Wright in Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd observed: â€Å"Businessmen often record the most important agreements in crude and summary fashion; modes of expression sufficient and clear to them in the course of their business may appear to those unfamiliar with the business far from complete or precise. It is accordingly the duty of the court to construe such documents fairly and broadly, without being too astute or subtle in finding defects†.[26] These comments were endorsed recently in Scammell v Dicker[27] where Rix LJ emphasised that for a contract to be void for uncertainty the bar should be set very high: â€Å"For to occur – and it very rarely occurs – it has to be legally or practically impossible to give to the parties agreement any sensible content†[28]. On a more specific level the court, when dealing with a question such as in the instance case, must first address whether the terms of the contract are enforceable or not. The price, quality and quantity, as Lord Patten has identified, are key measures of a contract where objective criteria exist[29]. Each case evidently turns on its facts and there is a lot of gray area here which underlines just how fine the balancing exercise is. The answer to the question of just what is necessary for a contract’s enforceability appears to be inextricably linked with what would constitute a breach of contract. In the instant case the minimum number of flights was something which was within the discretion of BMI Baby and so not something which compromised the terms of the contract concerning the aircraft’s â€Å"operation†. There are some features of the instant case which render it particularly problematic: the length of the contract and the â€Å"degree of discretion given to the airline†[30]. However, Lord Justice Toulson observes that it is not impossible to imagine facts on the borderline which would have rendered the case even more difficult[31]. Conclusion In conclusion the statement to be discussed is correct in identifying that the decision in Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd[32] is an apt illustration of the fine line which must be negotiated in deciding whether an agreement has sufficiently certain terms to be enforceable. As noted above there is a tension between allowing commercial agreements to stand and finding them void for lack of certainty. The court in Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd[33] emphasises the duty the courts have in allowing business agreements sometimes hastily drawn up to stand without being too clever with syntax. Each case turns upon its facts and there clearly can be cases which would stretch the balancing act even further than the instant case. As it stands the judge at first instance fell victim to the subtleties of this area of law and misinterpreted a term of the NVA contract which was within the discretion of BMI Baby. The Court of Appeal thus overturned his decision and made a decision of princ ipal which demonstrates that Professor Macneil’s observations may not be as accurate as previously thought[34]. Bibliography 1.0 Journals Lawrence, Mark (2010) ‘Grounded obligations’ New Law Journal 160(7421), 837-838 2.0 Books Macneil, Ian (2001) ‘Biographical Statement’ in D Campbell (ed) The Relational Theory of Contract: Selected Works of Ian Macneil Sweet Maxwell: London Mckendrick, Ewan (2005) Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials Oxford Uni Press: Oxford at p.148 Treitel, G.H. (2007) The Law of Contract Sweet Maxwell: London at p.52 3.0 Cases Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2009] EWHC 852 Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1932) 147 LT 503 Perry v Suffields Limited [1916] 2 CH 187 Scammel and Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941] AC 251 Scammell v Dicker EWCA Civ 405 [1] Treitel, G.H. (2007) The Law of Contract Sweet Maxwell: London at p.52 [2] Scammel and Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941] AC 251 House of Lords [3] Perry v Suffields Limited [1916] 2 CH 187 [4] Chitty, Joseph (2008) Chitty on Contracts Thomson Reuters: London at p.223 para 2-139 [5] [1941] AC 251 [6] Scammel and Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941] AC 251 per Viscount Maugham at p.257 [7] Macneil, Ian (2001) ‘Biographical Statement’ in D Campbell (ed) The Relational Theory of Contract: Selected Works of Ian Macneil Sweet Maxwell: London [8] Mckendrick, Ewan (2005) Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials Oxford Uni Press: Oxford at p.148 [9] [2010] EWCA Civ 485 [10] [2009] EWHC 852 [11] Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 [12] Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1932) 147 LT 503 [13] Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 per Lord Justice Patten at para 11 [14] Ibid at para 11 [15] Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 per Lord Justice Patten at para 46 [16] Lawrence, Mark (2010) ‘Grounded obligations’ New Law Journal 160(7421), 837-838 [17] Treitel, G.H. (2007) The Law of Contract Sweet Maxwell: London at p.52 [18] Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 per Lord Justice Patten at para 57 [19] Such as quantity, quality or price [20] Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 per Lord Justice Patten at para 59 [21] The number of flights was something which was for the discretion of the airline; [22] Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 per Lord Justice Patten at para 59 [23] Ibid [24] Ibid at para 61 [25] [2010] EWCA Civ 485 [26] Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd(1932) 147 LT 503 per Lord Wright at p.504 [27] EWCA Civ 405 [28] Ibid at para 30 per Rix LJ [29] Lord Justice Patten gives the example of a tenancy agreement under which the tenant agrees to pay a reasonable rent [30] Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 485 per Lord Justice Toulson at para 91 [31] Ibid at para 90 [32] [2010] EWCA Civ 485 [33] (1932) 147 LT 503 [34] Macneil, Ian (2001) ‘Biographical Statement’ in D Campbell (ed) The Relational Theory of Contract: Selected Works of Ian Macneil Sweet Maxwell: London How to cite The decision in Durham Tees Valley Airport Ltd v BMI Baby Ltd, Essay examples

Study of Software Industry Using Porters Five Forces Model free essay sample

Porter’s model supports analysis of the driving forces in an industry. Based on the information derived from the Five Forces Analysis, management can decide how to influence or to exploit particular characteristics of their industry. A strategic Business manager seeking to develop an edge over rivals can use this model to understand the industry context in which the firm operates. Software industry is a growing industry and there are many potential new entrants to the industry. A study of the Software industry using Porter’s five forces model provides key insights into the industry trends. The study provides key challenges faced by the industry, and throws up some great opportunities that are present in the industry. Overall, the studies done through this paper reveal that software industry is a great industry to get into, for those who have the capability to create opportunities out of challenges. Introduction Software Industry is considered to be a very profitable industry. This perception attracts many players to this field. Many of the new entrants to the industry do not do any scientific analysis before they get into the field. This some times result into failures and uncertainties in the industry. A lot of new entrants fail to correctly assess and analyse the competitive strength and position of the firm in this industry. Michael Porter’s (1980) famous Five Forces of Competitive Position model provides a very effective way of doing this assessment for any industry, and can be used in the software industry too. This paper does a detailed study of the software industry using Porter’s model and the findings will help new entrepreneurs and existing ones to arrive at the right strategies for being unique and addressing the competition. This paper attempts to analyse the software industry based on Porter’s five forces model. Literature Review Porters Five Forces No organization is an island unto itself. Its ability to thrive is affected by many factors, including its competition. Michael Porter (1980), of the Harvard Business School, has developed the five forces model to describe and analyze these factors. Apart from Porters Book Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitorsâ€Å" in 1980, there are very many internet resources and articles which provide insight into the model. Some of them are www. themanager. org , www. businessballs. com, www. quickmba. com etc In this model, there are five competitive forces that interactively shape the dynamic environment of any industry. Rivalry Among Existing Firms All companies strive to improve their position with respect to their rivals. Companies use a variety of tactics to secure advantage; for example, product innovation and differentiation, patents, pricing, distribution systems, and advertising. In many industries, the use of one or more of these tactics by one company provokes a response by its competitors. Over time, this action-reaction dilemma can damage both the companies and the industry at large. This happened in the semiconductor industry: when one company began to build up production capacity for RAM (random-access memory) chips, the others followed suit, and the resultant overcapacity gave buyers an inordinate amount of leverage, precipitating a crash in prices. There are other factors that promote rivalry and competition: †¢Large increases in production capacity †¢Many competitors or relatively balanced competition †¢High exit barriers †¢Slow industry growth †¢High fixed costs Low switching costs Industries in which the competition is intense are often referred to as cutthroat, warlike, and bitter. The soft-drink industry is a well-known example of this. The more competitive the industry, the more difficult it is to generate profits. Threat of Potential Entrants New competitors in an industry bring with them additional resources and production capacity and a desire to gain market share. Their entrance can result in a collapse in prices, loss of suppliers, and increased costs (for example, in more advertising or a bigger sales force)—all of which reduce profitability. This has happened repeatedly in the discount department store sector, beginning in the early 20th century when the first â€Å"five-and-ten-cent stores† began to compete with smaller specialty shops. The likelihood of new entrants depends on the barriers to entry that are inherent to the industry and on the responses of the existing competitors. There are five major barriers to entry: a) Economies of scale In industrial economies, the most efficient level of production is called the minimum efficient scale (MES), which is the production level needed to achieve the lowest production costs. All industries have an MES. The higher the MES, the more production capability a new entrant must build in order to enter without an initial cost disadvantage. New entrants must then capture a share of the market proportional to their capacity or they will be at a long-term disadvantage. The bigger the market share they need to capture, the higher this barrier to entry is. One example of where it is extremely high is the automobile industry. b) Access to distribution channels In some industries, the distribution channels are controlled by existing companies through distributor contracts and preferred relationships. This can be seen in the light bulb industry, where the biggest manufacturers have exclusive contracts with the biggest retailers. New entrants will have to break into the current distribution system or find other alternatives. Both choices may be expensive, creating a high barrier to entry. c) Capital requirements Entering a new market can involve creating new capacity, aggressive advertising, acquisition of licenses, and so on. All of these activities require investment capital. The higher the capital needs, the greater the barrier to entry. An extreme case here is the building of jet aircraft, where even an established company can spend over a billion dollars (U. S. ) to bring one new model into production. d) Switching costs In some cases, entry into a new market can be achieved by retooling existing production machinery at relatively low costs. It is also possible, however, that the retooling costs are substantial, hence, a greater barrier to entry. Oftentimes, highly specialized capacity for which there is no alternative use must be created. This is a potential switching cost and constitutes another barrier to entry. Integrated circuit manufacturing equipment, for instance, cannot be used for anything else, while the machines used to make hardware and small metal parts can be reconfigured fairly easily. e) Cost disadvantages independent of scale Some industries have unique features that create high barriers to entry. These include: †¢Proprietary knowledge and patents not available to entrants †¢Access to raw materials limited to or controlled by existing firms †¢Favorable locations already secured by existing firms †¢Government regulations or subsidies †¢A relatively long learning/experience curve Similarly, barriers to exit make it difficult for firms to leave an industry. In industries that are difficult to exit, existing firms will tend to put more into the competition for retaining their market share than if they had an easy-exit option. Low Barrier to Entry Standard technology Low capital investment Low switching costs Little government restriction Fragmented or open distributionHigh Barrier to Entry Critical patents High capital investment High switching costs Considerable government regulation Controlled distribution Low Barrier to Exit Separate SBUs Incidental to core strategy Assets easy to sell Common technologyHigh Barrier to Exit Interdependent SBUs Part of core strategy Assets difficult to sell Specialized technology not applicable to other industries The Power of Buyers In some circumstances, the buyers or customers in an industry contribute to its competitiveness. Customers in competitive industries are able to force down prices, bargain for higher quality or more services, and play competitors against each other. Customers can exert significant pressure on an industry when †¢They have full information. They consider the products they purchase to be standard or undifferentiated. †¢The products are a significant portion of the buyers’ costs. †¢The products are unimportant to the quality of the buyers’ products. †¢The industry faces low switching costs. An industry that is severely limited by the power of buyers is pharmaceuticals: insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, and even governments (e. g. , through Medicare) limit their profits on prescription medications. The Power of Suppliers Suppliers also influence the competitiveness of an industry. Powerful suppliers can raise prices, restrict access to supplies, and lower the quality of supplies and services. If competitors are unable to pass along increased costs to their customers, their profits decrease. Suppliers are powerful when: †¢They pose a threat of forward integration. †¢Their product is an important input to the final product. †¢The industry overall is not an important customer of the supplier. †¢They are few in number and are more concentrated than their customers. †¢There are no competing substitutes. Their products are differentiated and/or the customers have significant switching costs. Suppliers are extremely powerful in the oil business, where a company that operates refineries but does not own its own wells is completely dependent on the producers. The Threat of Substitutes Usually, the firms in one industry are, broadly speaking, also competing with industries that produce substitute products. Substitutes can place a ceiling on the prices an industry can charge, thus limiting its profit potential. The more favorable the price/performance ratio of alternatives, the stronger the ceiling. Identifying viable substitute products is a matter of searching for other products that can meet customer needs. Some examples are: †¢High fructose /low calorie sweetener for sugar †¢LEDs for incandescent lights †¢Cellular phones for landline phones †¢Real estate investing for equity investing †¢Public transportation for automobiles All of these factors together shape the dynamics of an industry. After establishing how attractive an industry sector is, companies can then determine the key industry success factors, the investment needed, and the potential for return on those investments. Methodology First, the requirements and the nature of software industry were studied. The industry experience of the author of this paper came in handy for the study. Discussions were held with various experts in the industry. Various stages of setting up and sustaining a software industry were evaluated. Extensive study of already existing research was carried out. Various research information were considered while arriving at conclusions. A number of secondary sources are used in this paper Results and Discussion What are the threats of entry in this industry? Let us look at this with reference to the five aspects of †¢Economies of scale †¢Access to distribution channels †¢Capital requirements †¢Switching costs †¢Cost disadvantages independent of scale Economies of Scale Gerard Jackson (June 1998) argues that the concept of economies of scale do not apply to soft ware industry, simply due to the very nature of the industry where once we have invested in the development of the product the production costs are virtually nil and hence the economies of scale concept cannot be applied here. There of course are costs associated with packaging, shipping and marketing the product, but they are so minimal compared to the overall cost that the argument appears logical. So for the big players this is not an advantage at all. Any small player can threaten the big players, if they have the right brains behind their products. I do not consider this to be a serious entry barrier for new entrants to this field. Access to Distribution Channels Access to distribution channel is a big threat of entry in the software industry. The internet is a virtually free distribution channel available for any one to pump their products into. Any new entrant can have the same access as the big players to the distributions channels. However this is easily said than done for large software products like middle ware or operating systems, or huge data base management systems. Overall, this is not a serious barrier for new entrants. Capital Requirements The Capital requirements in this industry are of a different nature. According to the Reserve Bank of India (India’s Apex Bank) Notification (August, 1998) the working capital requirements of the software industry are basically the development costs. To quote their report â€Å"These products are prepared to meet standard requirements of end-users and are sold as packaged units comprising software manual and other user aids (tutorials). The development of these products involve fairly large scale investment, the return on which can be realised only after the product is fully developed and sufficient demand is generated therefore. By and large, no payment by the buyers would be involved at any stage of development and the developer would be receiving payments only when the products are purchased by interested buyers. In such cases, working capital requirements would be mainly for meeting expenditure such as salaries and expenses of the professionals associated with the development of the products. The period required for development would vary and, in some cases, may extend up to 24 months. â€Å" Depending on the scale of the proposed product, the new entrants would need to muster this capital requirement, and take the risk of success or failure once the product is launched. Hence this could be a high barrier Switching Costs Switching cost could well be the most important entry barrier for new firms into the software industry. Steve Kahl (Spring 2004) has done some extensive study on the switching costs related with Software industry. The total cost of ownership to implement a software package typically is much higher than the purchase price of software, sometimes as high as twelve times the price. Integrating software with the pre-existing technical architecture, changing business processes, training new users on the system, and maintenance costs for the software make it difficult for customers to replace software products. These high switching costs can lock customers in and increase the value of the installed base. As a result, the size of the installed base is an important performance measure for the software industry. The installed base, in turn, impacts competitive strategy. A firm such as Microsoft with a significant installed base may deter entry from new firms. Cost Disadvantages Independent of Scale include proprietary product technology, favorable access to talent and raw material, favorable locations, learning or experience curve etc. In the context of the software industry this could be a low barrier, since the software as a product is a function of the human intelligence and really one cannot make it proprietary, and history proves this where start up companies became giants in this field. To what threats of substitutes are you vulnerable in this industry? The threats of substitutes could be of a different nature in the software industry. There is always the big fight between patents and open source. But the major threat for software industry in this account is the threat of piracy. All major software players struggle with this and a lot of efforts and money is spent on preventing , detecting and acting on piracy. I would say that the industry has still not figured out the right and fool proof way of preventing this threat. The proliferation of piracy requires us to constantly re-evaluate how people can ensure they are getting the real thing when they see the Microsoft name, says Jackie Carriker, group manager of anti-piracy efforts for Microsoft (Microsoft press release Feb 2000). It seems we are in a perpetual cat-and-mouse game with counterfeiters. But hopefully these features will make it more challenging for would-be pirates to make a quick buck while making it easier for customers and resellers to differentiate between genuine and counterfeit software. Microsoft published data confirms this problem. To Quote Microsoft â€Å"Software piracy, or the illegal copying and distribution of software, is both an individual and a worldwide problem that takes a toll on the global economy. In 1998, software piracy caused the loss of more $11 billion in revenue worldwide, according to the Business Software Alliance (BSA). That same year, software piracy cost 109,000 jobs in the U. S. lone. There are currently approximately 2 million auction and warez sites pushing pirated or counterfeit goods, compared to 100,000 in 1997, according to BSA estimates. In short, software piracy is a problem for everyone at every level of the distribution channel from honest resellers to consumers. As per Douglas Heingartner (January, 2004) internet pirac y is the latest threat in software piracy, and organisations are struggling to bring this under control. To what pressures from suppliers are you vulnerable in this industry? This is probably an industry which is not too dependent on â€Å"suppliers† in the conventional manner. However, the right skill sets in employees could be treated as a major supply source. Sourcing the right employees and having strategies and policies which attract them to stay on, is a major challenge that every software industry player . The war of talent as it is called is all too well known. According to Steve Schifferes (January 2007) ,Nasscom, the Indian software industry association, estimates that by 2010, the Indian outsourcing industry could have $60bn worth of global sales, up from $23bn in 2006 and that would still only be 10% of the potential market. But if the industry is to triple its revenues, urgent action is needed now to increase the supply of skilled labour, Nasscom says. According to Mary Hayes Weier (February 2007) Accenture plans to increase its India staff this year by 8,000 people to 35,000, surpassing its U. S. employee base. IBM s India staff has jumped from 43,000 to 53,000 in six months, and it expects to continue growing at that pace. Both Infosys and Tata Consultancy Services are hiring about 2,000 people a month. At that pace, thats more than 35,000 new hires for these four companies alone the next six months, and dozens of other tech companies are rushing to add staff in India. So where will all this talent come from? Thats a question businesses should be asking their suppliers of India-based IT and business process services. The country still offers the best talent-to-price ratio of any place in the world, but suppliers admit its getting increasingly difficult to find and keep the right peopleespecially at the management level. To what pressures from customers are you vulnerable in this industry? Customers or clients as they are called currently in our industry, have a great power as they always have had. They have choices, they continue to ask for better quality at lower costs. More importantly they are asking the software vendors to add business value to their business. It is no more a sell and walk out policy. According to the Software 2006 Industry report put together by McKinsey Company, in collaboration with the Sand Hill Group, the entire eco system of software business is undergoing major changes and customers are driving that change aggressively. The report says, â€Å"Two major business models are vying for an growing share of software spend: Software as a Service and Open Source. Software as a Service (SaaS) has become increasingly relevant to both Enterprise and SMB customers and has the potential to impact the entire IT landscape. Although the market size for SaaS was relatively small ~$6 billion in 2005, it is poised to grow more than 20 percent annually. Several factors are driving this large shift in preferred model: vendors are seeking attractive annuity revenue streams, customers are pushing for more affordable and lower TCO alternatives to packaged software, and critical technology enablers like broadband wireless and universal access are coming online. SaaS has already gained traction in number of application areas – such as payroll, human capital management, CRM, conferencing, procurement, logistics, information services, and e-commerce) – and should make gains across a much broader cross-section of applications over the next 3 years.

Personal Impact Paper free essay sample

Once started the symptoms are chronic and lifelong with periods of remission in between bouts of active symptoms. Diagnosing CD may be lengthy, requiring non – invasive as well as invasive tests. A check of the stool could indicate bleeding, a blood test might indicate anemia or the antibody associated with Crohn’s. Abdominal x ray could indicate intestinal wall thickening. Physicians may need to do colonoscopy, biopsy to diagnose the disease ( Harvard Heath). CD is classified as an inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) (Neighbors Tannehill -jones, 2006). CD can be a debilitating disease and can affect all aspects of person’s life intensely as seen in the case of SM. Using a case study of an individual with Crohn’s disease, I will address how the CD impact on patient’s social, financial, and personal life, how patient learned about her disease and educational experience while learning about her chronic disease. I want to use the initial instead of full name to protect the patient’s privacy. SM , a 40 year old teacher with two younger children from Michigan admitted to our hospital with dehydration and anemia. She has been bloody diarrhea for six months and initial diagnosed with colitis by her primary care physician who gave her antibiotics and steroid which help her symptoms improving. Two day ago her diarrhea became very severe and reached as often as 15 to 17 times a day, accompanied by severe pain and abdominal cramping, loss of appetite, and sense of abdominal fullness. This has made it increasingly difficult for her to leave her home or go to work. â€Å" I feel like I am a prisoner of my own bathroom . SM has become moody and depressed. She has lost 40 pounds, developed blurred vision, and is growing facial hair. Her skin started to peel and split. She is bloated and her face is swollen. Her husband has filed a divorce because she could not take care of children , family ,plus financial crisis, and she is scared because she is covered under her husband’s medical insurance. Impact of Cronh’s disease can be extensive on an individual’s social, financial, and per sonal as seen in MS case. She could not work and only get 60% of her salary , plus medical expense, unable to take care her family, and her two young children so cause her husband filed divorce. Furthermore, she is isolated from her co-worker and friend since she is too weak to participate any social activity. All above caused her depression. According (Coheb. J. D, 1995) â€Å" long term stress and repeated crisis provide fertile ground for individual maladaptive functioning as well as creating vulnerability for dysfunctional family behavior. When psychosocial dilemmas persist over time and are left unattended, various form of dysfunction emerge† (p . 18). So psychologist was consulted for MS to help coping with her diagnosis, her debilitating symptoms ,and her husband filing for divorce. Depression can be situational and may aid in allowing MS to voice her feelings, and decrease her anxiety. The psychologist provided her more information about her disease, help her cope with her daily struggles, and gave her encouragement as another support system. The psychologist has tried to enlighten her husband regarding MS’s disease process and her stress could worsen its symptoms. Counseling the couple could reduce marital strife and perhaps assist MS and her husband to find mutual ground and save their marriage. The doctor explained to MS in brief about her diagnosis and treatment options which include drug therapy, nutrition supplement, herbs, and surgery. The nurses according to MS and her husband literacy level and readability made the broche with pictures, DVD to educate them how to deal with the disease. Using Bloom’s taxonomy, cognitive domain to help the patient and family to have knowledge as following: 1. What is Chron’s disease, how do the medication work, what is the main side effects, how to take the medications, what are complications so the patient and her family can participate her medical care. 2. How to maintain optimal nutrition: parental nutrition (PN) is used when symptoms of irritable bowel disease are severe. If oral foods are tolerated small, frequent, low residue feeding are given to avoid over distending the stomach and stimulating peristalsis. It is important for the patient to restrict activity to conserve energy, reduce peristalsis and calorie requirements. 3. How to promote rest: it is important to encourage activity within the limits of the patient’s capacity. The nurse suggests bed rest for a patient who is febrile , has frequent diarrheal stools or is bleeding. 4. How to cope with the stress and anxiety: teaching the patient the art of stress relief without drugs can give the patient a sense of control over some symptoms. Such as biofeedback, routine exercise, relaxation exercises, breathing techniques, massage, etc. According to (Mirkka et al, 2008) â€Å" patients expect functional knowledge about self care and how it affects their health. In addition to understanding the disease and treatment, patients expect social knowledge about how to connect treatment at home. Patients expect social knowledge about how to connect treatment with work, hobbies and social life, patients also expect that their family should learn about their illness, home care, and how to participate in treatment. â€Å" ( p. 250) After finishing the above teaching, MS and her husband accepted the facts and disease, expressed all the feeling and concerns to the nurse. While allowing MS to explore her feeling toward he diagnosis, the nurse could encourage her to set short- term and long -term goals. How will MS cope with pain today? What methods for pain control would MS like to continue to explore in the days to come (Bloom’s Taxonomy affective domain)? Once the goals setting, MS and her husband work together to comply with treatment, follow medical advise. Financial strategies will place a huge toll on MS’s disposition. The nurse enlisting the help of social work can help her develop plans for future caring needs. Social work can assist her to apply for other health plans that will support her alone. If she has no other support systems in place, social work can assist her with home health nursing for her recovery period and financial assistance , if she needs to be off from work for an extended time. MS’s struggles are many, but to ensure her successful recovery we must utilize all the resources of our multidisciplinary colleagues, as well as our nursing knowledge. We must take into effect what the patient’s diagnosis, prognosis, and experiences are so we can give her the best chance of survival with her illness.